Combine all dry ingredients in a largish mixing bowl and whisk them together. If your flour, baking powder or baking soda are lumpy, be sure to fun them through a sieve to remove the lumps before proceeding.
Mix the buttermilk and oil in a 2 cup glass measuring cup. Then add the egg and, using a wire whisk or fork, beat all the wet ingredients together until thoroughly mixed.
Add the buttermilk mixture to the flour mixture, and gently fold them together using a rubber spatula. It's important that you don't over mix the batter, as this will result in excess gluten development and tough, chewy muffins.
Gently fold apples and walnuts into the batter until evenly distributed. Let the batter rest while you preheat the oven to 375°. This gives the batter a chance to relax and results in a lighter muffin.
Line muffin tins with paper cupcake liners OR lightly spray with cooking spray.
When oven reaches the correct temperature, scoop batter into muffin tins. This recipe makes 10 large muffins or 12 smaller ones -- your choice! For best looking muffins I use my faithful food scoop.
Generously top each muffin with the streusel mixture.
Bake for 20-24 minutes until a toothpick comes out clean. No toothpick? Press lightly on the muffin top -- it should feel firm but not hard. Also, the muffin edges should be just lightly brown. In my oven the muffins take 22 minutes.
Remove muffins to a wire cooling rack or prop at an angle in the muffin tin so bottoms don't get soggy.